• Identify bacterial antimicrobial resistance mechanisms for resisting antimicrobial agents
• Discuss the molecular basis for bacterial antimicrobial resistance
• Explain laboratory methods for detecting and measuring antimicrobial resistance

RACE does not accredit or endorse or certify any program or person, nor does RACE approval validate the content of the program

• This contains all courses with the educational objectives listed from Antimicrobial Resistance in Veterinary Medicine 210 through Antimicrobial Resistance in Veterinary Medicine 213

Parts 1-3

• Demonstrate understanding of how preconditioning and other preventive management procedures can reduce the frequency of antibiotic treatments for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD).
• Describe the components of a good preconditioning program and how BRD can be prevented in the feedlot.
• Describe how preventing BRD tends to cost less than clinical treatments with antibiotics.

• Describe medicated milk replacer and how it is regulated under the Veterinary Feed Directive.
• Identify antibiotics that historically were most commonly added to medicated milk replacer.
• List the disadvantages associated with using medicated milk replacer.
• Describe proper management and preventive medicine that are critical to long-term calf health.
• Describe a good colostrum management program for dairy calves.

• Describe the management practices that can prevent scours in calves, such as high quality colostrum management, sanitation and proper isolation procedures.
• Explain the proper role of antimicrobial agents in treating calves with scours.

• Discuss the general guidelines for the judicious use of antibiotics in the treatment of mastitis.
• Describe the factors to consider in the selection of an antimicrobial drug for mastitis treatment.
• Outline the preventive measures that may be taken on a dairy farm with regards to mastitis.
• Discuss proper indications for the use of antimicrobials for contagious mastitis in dairy cattle.
• Demonstrate understanding of the need to follow proper treatment protocols when using an antibiotic to treat individual cows for contagious udder pathogens.
• Explain how somatic cell counts and culture results are used to formulate a herd antibiotic treatment plan for contagious udder pathogens.
• Describe how antimicrobial treatment of contagious udder pathogens can be greatly reduced in herds by using effective mastitis prevention and control programs.
• Recognize the futility of using antibiotics to treat cases of contagious mastitis if the cow is to be returned to a herd where she will quickly become reinfected.

RACE does not accredit or endorse or certify any program or person, nor does RACE approval validate the content of the program

• Identify the frequency of antimicrobial use in small animal practice
• Summarize the classes and types of antimicrobials commonly used in small animal practice

• Describe the association between antimicrobial use and the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance
• Demonstrate understanding of the use of bacterial culture with antimicrobial susceptibility testing as an important diagnostic tool to support antimicrobial therapy

• Identify how antibiotics are frequently used in the pocket pet industry and how the use of antibiotics in pocket pets may select for antimicrobial resistance
• Discuss how animal and human health may both be impacted by antimicrobial resistance
• Describe how veterinarians in agriculture departments work with veterinarians and other health professionals in local, state, and federal health departments to investigate and control zoonotic disease
• Summarize how the use of antibiotics may select for the dissemination of gene cassettes conveying resistance to multiple antibiotics

• Discuss how antibiotics are frequently used in treatment of canine pyoderma
• List the factors to be considered when choosing antibiotic therapy
• Identify the underlying causes of canine pyoderma and possible diagnostic and treatment options
• Describe the importance of bacterial culture and susceptibility testing, and effective communication with the client
• Demonstrate understanding of how animal and human health can both be affected by antibiotic resistance

• Discuss the use antibiotics to treat feline lower urinary tract disease
• List factors that need to be considered when using antibiotic therapy in cases of feline lower urinary tract disease
• Identify the importance of bacterial culture results in the selection of an antibiotic

• Be aware of the guidelines for feline upper respiratory infections set by the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases (ISCAID)
• Name the underlying causes of feline upper respiratory infections
• Determine the appropriate diagnostic tests and interpretations for cases of feline upper respiratory infection
• Explain when the use of antibiotics is appropriate for cases of feline upper respiratory infections and which 2 antibiotics would be appropriate to use empirically
• Identify 3 alternative treatment options for antibiotics in cases of feline upper respiratory infection and describe when these treatment options are appropriate

RACE does not accredit or endorse or certify any program or person, nor does RACE approval validate the content of the program

• Outline how antibiotics were discovered and what drives the discovery of new antimicrobial drugs.
• Define and differentiate the following related terms: antibiotic, antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antiparasitic, and antifungal.
• Describe the different mechanisms of action for antimicrobial drugs, and associate these mechanisms with the common classes of antimicrobial drugs.
• Explain pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic factors that affect dose and duration of treatment needed to provide effective therapy for bacterial infections.
• Describe some important considerations in prescribing antimicrobial drugs to successfully treat infections in animals without promoting microbial drug resistance.

RACE does not accredit or endorse or certify any program or person, nor does RACE approval validate the content of the program

• Demonstrate a working knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system.
• Explain to clients how cardiovascular disease affects the patient.
• Explain diagnostic and treatment plans to clients.
• Answer clients’ questions concerning the medications needed by the patient.
• Explain the basic anatomic arrangement of the mammalian digestive system.
• Relate changes in the digestive system to the development of disease symptoms.
• Explain to owners why their pet is ill and how the problem is best treated.
• Explain the interrelationship between the nervous system and the endocrine system.
• Understand the clinical pathologic changes that occur with each endocrine disease.
• Describe how the absence of a specific hormone can have clinical effects on the animal.
• Explain to owners the treatment regime necessary for their pets.
• Explain the structures of the eye and the purpose of each.
• Describe how changes from normal result in clinical disease.
• Discuss and demonstrate the proper treatments for common eye problems in small animals.
• Describe the cellular components of blood.
• Relate changes in blood components to common blood diseases seen in dogs and cats.
• Discuss with owners treatment options for specific blood dyscrasias seen in dogs and cats.
• Describe the arrangement and importance of the skin as an organ.
• List common ectoparasites that produce skin disease in companion animals.
• Demonstrate the ability to explain parasite control for the most common ectoparasites.
• Relate diagnosis and treatment of skin lumps and bumps, for example,tumors,abscesses, and cysts.

• Demonstrate a working knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system.
• Explain to clients how cardiovascular disease affects the patient.
• Explain diagnostic and treatment plans to clients.
• Answer clients’ questions concerning the medications needed by the patient.
• Explain the basic anatomic arrangement of the mammalian digestive system.
• Relate changes in the digestive system to the development of disease symptoms.
• Explain to owners why their pet is ill and how the problem is best treated.
• Explain the interrelationship between the nervous system and the endocrine system.
• Understand the clinical pathologic changes that occur with each endocrine disease.
• Describe how the absence of a specific hormone can have clinical effects on the animal.
• Explain to owners the treatment regime necessary for their pets.
• Explain the structures of the eye and the purpose of each.
• Describe how changes from normal result in clinical disease.
• Discuss and demonstrate the proper treatments for common eye problems in small animals.
• Describe the cellular components of blood.
• Relate changes in blood components to common blood diseases seen in dogs and cats.
• Discuss with owners treatment options for specific blood dyscrasias seen in dogs and cats.
• Describe the arrangement and importance of the skin as an organ.
• List common ectoparasites that produce skin disease in companion animals.
• Demonstrate the ability to explain parasite control for the most common ectoparasites.
• Relate diagnosis and treatment of skin lumps and bumps, for example,tumors,abscesses, and cysts.
• Describe how muscles and bones act together to result in purposeful movement.
• List various musculoskeletal problems with respect to bone, muscle, joint, or combinations of each as the cause.
• Discuss various musculoskeletal problems, treatments, therapy with clients.
• Know what diagnostic tests are needed for the diagnosis of musculoskeletal diseases.
• Describe the arrangement of the nervous system.
• Relate the dysfunctions of various portions of the nervous system to diseases seen in companion animals.
• Discuss symptoms and treatments of neuronal disease with clients.
• Relate the specific cause of disease with the pansystemic clinical signs seen in dogs and cats.
• Initiate the proper safety methods to prevent spread of these transmissible or infectious dis-eases within the clinic.
• Discuss with clients the necessity of an effective vaccination program.
• Explain how environment and husbandry conditions affect the health of the young or immunosuppressed older pet.
• Explain to clients the health reasons for ovariohysterectomy or castration of their pets.
• Recognize the problem areas in the reproductive system of the male and female and relate them to the clinical symptoms.
• Advise clients on pregnancy-related problems.
• Review the anatomy of the respiratory system.
• Recognize the difference between the upper and lower respiratory diseases.
• Discuss with owners the prescribed medications and treatments commonly used for respiratory diseases in the small-animal clinic.
• Recommend vaccination to owners as a way to prevent some of the viral and bacterial respiratory diseases.
• Explain the anatomy of the urinary system and the functions it performs.
• Describe how bacterial and viral infections can occur and how these may lead to the formation of stones.
• Identify the most commonly seen canine bladder stones.
• Explain the benefits of castration as it relates to prostate disease in the male dog.
• Discuss the cause of urinary incontinence in spayed female dogs.

• Describe how muscles and bones act together to result in purposeful movement.
• List various musculoskeletal problems with respect to bone, muscle, joint, or combinations of each as the cause.
• Discuss various musculoskeletal problems, treatments, therapy with clients.
• Know what diagnostic tests are needed for the diagnosis of musculoskeletal diseases.
• Describe the arrangement of the nervous system.
• Relate the dysfunctions of various portions of the nervous system to diseases seen in companion animals.
• Discuss symptoms and treatments of neuronal disease with clients.
• Relate the specific cause of disease with the pansystemic clinical signs seen in dogs and cats.
• Initiate the proper safety methods to prevent spread of these transmissible or infectious dis-eases within the clinic.
• Discuss with clients the necessity of an effective vaccination program.
• Explain how environment and husbandry conditions affect the health of the young or immunosuppressed older pet.
• Explain to clients the health reasons for ovariohysterectomy or castration of their pets.
• Recognize the problem areas in the reproductive system of the male and female and relate them to the clinical symptoms.
• Advise clients on pregnancy-related problems.
• Review the anatomy of the respiratory system.
• Recognize the difference between the upper and lower respiratory diseases.
• Discuss with owners the prescribed medications and treatments commonly used for respiratory diseases in the small-animal clinic.
• Recommend vaccination to owners as a way to prevent some of the viral and bacterial respiratory diseases.
• Explain the anatomy of the urinary system and the functions it performs.
• Describe how bacterial and viral infections can occur and how these may lead to the formation of stones.
• Identify the most commonly seen canine bladder stones.
• Explain the benefits of castration as it relates to prostate disease in the male dog.
• Discuss the cause of urinary incontinence in spayed female dogs.

• Distinguish between different light devices: LEDs, High, Low Power Lasers, red, and violet wavelengths 
• Explain how lasers work to accomplish photobiomodulation
• Identify the quantum physics of how light affects every living organism
• Illustrate the importance of awareness of laser wavelength and power to insure benefits outweigh risks
• Apply the concept of frequencies to affect healing.
• Assess owner and animal compliance to a diagnostic and treatment plan
• Recognize the importance of communication and case selection for optimum treatment success
• Prescribe DVM directed protocols for staff implementation
• Examine the science supporting benefits of the violet wavelength in antibiotic resistant wounds, including MRSA
• Show alternative option to antibiotics for treating resistant infections
• Integrate violet/red laser into existing treatment protocols
• Point out tissue regenerative capabilities of red laser, as well as bactericidal/sporocidal benefits of violet laser
• Transform surgical outcomes and challenging cases with addition of violet/red laser.
• Distinguish cases that can benefit from LLLT activation
• Show studies in support of Vagal stimulation by energy sources that decrease inflammation and forward healing
• Prescribe a treatment plan for appropriate cases
• Utilize techniques for Fear Free compliance
• Aid cases of anorexia, megacolon, gastric stasis, anxiety, and hypertension.