• Identify bacterial antimicrobial resistance mechanisms for resisting antimicrobial agents
• Discuss the molecular basis for bacterial antimicrobial resistance
• Explain laboratory methods for detecting and measuring antimicrobial resistance

RACE does not accredit or endorse or certify any program or person, nor does RACE approval validate the content of the program

• This contains all courses with the educational objectives listed from Antimicrobial Resistance in Veterinary Medicine 210 through Antimicrobial Resistance in Veterinary Medicine 213

Parts 1-3

• Demonstrate understanding of how preconditioning and other preventive management procedures can reduce the frequency of antibiotic treatments for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD).
• Describe the components of a good preconditioning program and how BRD can be prevented in the feedlot.
• Describe how preventing BRD tends to cost less than clinical treatments with antibiotics.

• Describe medicated milk replacer and how it is regulated under the Veterinary Feed Directive.
• Identify antibiotics that historically were most commonly added to medicated milk replacer.
• List the disadvantages associated with using medicated milk replacer.
• Describe proper management and preventive medicine that are critical to long-term calf health.
• Describe a good colostrum management program for dairy calves.

• Describe the management practices that can prevent scours in calves, such as high quality colostrum management, sanitation and proper isolation procedures.
• Explain the proper role of antimicrobial agents in treating calves with scours.

• Discuss the general guidelines for the judicious use of antibiotics in the treatment of mastitis.
• Describe the factors to consider in the selection of an antimicrobial drug for mastitis treatment.
• Outline the preventive measures that may be taken on a dairy farm with regards to mastitis.
• Discuss proper indications for the use of antimicrobials for contagious mastitis in dairy cattle.
• Demonstrate understanding of the need to follow proper treatment protocols when using an antibiotic to treat individual cows for contagious udder pathogens.
• Explain how somatic cell counts and culture results are used to formulate a herd antibiotic treatment plan for contagious udder pathogens.
• Describe how antimicrobial treatment of contagious udder pathogens can be greatly reduced in herds by using effective mastitis prevention and control programs.
• Recognize the futility of using antibiotics to treat cases of contagious mastitis if the cow is to be returned to a herd where she will quickly become reinfected.

RACE does not accredit or endorse or certify any program or person, nor does RACE approval validate the content of the program

• Identify the frequency of antimicrobial use in small animal practice
• Summarize the classes and types of antimicrobials commonly used in small animal practice

• Describe the association between antimicrobial use and the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance
• Demonstrate understanding of the use of bacterial culture with antimicrobial susceptibility testing as an important diagnostic tool to support antimicrobial therapy

• Identify how antibiotics are frequently used in the pocket pet industry and how the use of antibiotics in pocket pets may select for antimicrobial resistance
• Discuss how animal and human health may both be impacted by antimicrobial resistance
• Describe how veterinarians in agriculture departments work with veterinarians and other health professionals in local, state, and federal health departments to investigate and control zoonotic disease
• Summarize how the use of antibiotics may select for the dissemination of gene cassettes conveying resistance to multiple antibiotics

• Discuss how antibiotics are frequently used in treatment of canine pyoderma
• List the factors to be considered when choosing antibiotic therapy
• Identify the underlying causes of canine pyoderma and possible diagnostic and treatment options
• Describe the importance of bacterial culture and susceptibility testing, and effective communication with the client
• Demonstrate understanding of how animal and human health can both be affected by antibiotic resistance

• Discuss the use antibiotics to treat feline lower urinary tract disease
• List factors that need to be considered when using antibiotic therapy in cases of feline lower urinary tract disease
• Identify the importance of bacterial culture results in the selection of an antibiotic

• Be aware of the guidelines for feline upper respiratory infections set by the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases (ISCAID)
• Name the underlying causes of feline upper respiratory infections
• Determine the appropriate diagnostic tests and interpretations for cases of feline upper respiratory infection
• Explain when the use of antibiotics is appropriate for cases of feline upper respiratory infections and which 2 antibiotics would be appropriate to use empirically
• Identify 3 alternative treatment options for antibiotics in cases of feline upper respiratory infection and describe when these treatment options are appropriate

RACE does not accredit or endorse or certify any program or person, nor does RACE approval validate the content of the program

• Outline how antibiotics were discovered and what drives the discovery of new antimicrobial drugs.
• Define and differentiate the following related terms: antibiotic, antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antiparasitic, and antifungal.
• Describe the different mechanisms of action for antimicrobial drugs, and associate these mechanisms with the common classes of antimicrobial drugs.
• Explain pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic factors that affect dose and duration of treatment needed to provide effective therapy for bacterial infections.
• Describe some important considerations in prescribing antimicrobial drugs to successfully treat infections in animals without promoting microbial drug resistance.

RACE does not accredit or endorse or certify any program or person, nor does RACE approval validate the content of the program

• Discuss the epidemiology of 53 conditions (Abortions to Burns) affecting the horse
• Recognize the clinical presentation of 53 conditions (Abortions to Burns) affecting the horse
• Differentially diagnose 53 conditions (Abortions to Burns) affecting the horse
• Apply therapeutic goals and treatments of 53 conditions (Abortions to Burns) affecting the horse
• Discuss prognosis and outcomes of 53 conditions (Abortions to Burns) affecting the horse
• Educate clients about conditions (Abortions to Burns) affecting their horse

• Discuss the epidemiology of 51 conditions (Candidiasis to Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate) affecting the horse
• Recognize the clinical presentation of 51 conditions (Candidiasis to Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate) affecting the horse
• Differentially diagnose 51 conditions (Candidiasis to Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate) affecting the horse
• Apply therapeutic goals and treatments of 51 conditions (Candidiasis to Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate) affecting the horse
• Discuss prognosis and outcomes of 51 conditions (Candidiasis to Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate) affecting the horse
• Educate clients about conditions (Candidiasis to Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate) affecting their horse

• Discuss the epidemiology of 42 conditions (Early Embryonic Loss to Fumonisin Toxicosis) affecting the horse
• Recognize the clinical presentation of 42 conditions (Early Embryonic Loss to Fumonisin Toxicosis) affecting the horse
• Differentially diagnose 42 conditions (Early Embryonic Loss to Fumonisin Toxicosis) affecting the horse
• Apply therapeutic goals and treatments of 42 conditions (Early Embryonic Loss to Fumonisin Toxicosis) affecting the horse
• Discuss prognosis and outcomes of 42 conditions (Early Embryonic Loss to Fumonisin Toxicosis) affecting the horse
• Educate clients about conditions (Early Embryonic Loss to Fumonisin Toxicosis) affecting their horse

• Discuss the epidemiology of 49 conditions (Gasterophilus to Hypoxemia) affecting the horse
• Recognize the clinical presentation of 49 conditions (Gasterophilus to Hypoxemia) affecting the horse
• Differentially diagnose 49 conditions (Gasterophilus to Hypoxemia) affecting the horse
• Apply therapeutic goals and treatments of 49 conditions (Gasterophilus to Hypoxemia) affecting the horse
• Discuss prognosis and outcomes of 49 conditions (Gasterophilus to Hypoxemia) affecting the horse
• Educate clients about conditions (Gasterophilus to Hypoxemia) affecting their horse

• Discuss the epidemiology of 64 conditions (Ileus to Myonecrosis) affecting the horse
• Recognize the clinical presentation of 64 conditions (Ileus to Myonecrosis) affecting the horse
• Differentially diagnose 64 conditions (Ileus to Myonecrosis) affecting the horse
• Apply therapeutic goals and treatments of 64 conditions (Ileus to Myonecrosis) affecting the horse
• Discuss prognosis and outcomes of 64 conditions (Ileus to Myonecrosis) affecting the horse
• Educate clients about conditions (Ileus to Myonecrosis) affecting their horse

• Discuss the epidemiology of 87 conditions (Nasal Polyps to Pythiosis) affecting the horse
• Recognize the clinical presentation of 87 conditions (Nasal Polyps to Pythiosis) affecting the horse
• Differentially diagnose 87 conditions (Nasal Polyps to Pythiosis) affecting the horse
• Apply therapeutic goals and treatments of 87 conditions (Nasal Polyps to Pythiosis) affecting the horse
• Discuss prognosis and outcomes of 87 conditions (Nasal Polyps to Pythiosis) affecting the horse
• Educate clients about conditions (Nasal Polyps to Pythiosis) affecting their horse

• Discuss the epidemiology of 61 conditions (Rabies to Spinal Injury) affecting the horse
• Recognize the clinical presentation of 61 conditions (Rabies to Spinal Injury) affecting the horse
• Differentially diagnose 61 conditions (Rabies to Spinal Injury) affecting the horse
• Apply therapeutic goals and treatments of 61 conditions (Rabies to Spinal Injury) affecting the horse
• Discuss prognosis and outcomes of 61 conditions (Rabies to Spinal Injury) affecting the horse
• Educate clients about conditions (Rabies to Spinal Injury) affecting their horse

• Discuss the epidemiology of 63 conditions (Splenic Abscess to Zygomycosis) affecting the horse
• Recognize the clinical presentation of 63 conditions (Splenic Abscess to Zygomycosis) affecting the horse
• Differentially diagnose 63 conditions (Splenic Abscess to Zygomycosis) affecting the horse
• Apply therapeutic goals and treatments of 63 conditions (Splenic Abscess to Zygomycosis) affecting the horse
• Discuss prognosis and outcomes of 63 conditions (Splenic Abscess to Zygomycosis) affecting the horse
• Educate clients about conditions (Splenic Abscess to Zygomycosis) affecting their horse

• Distinguish between different light devices: LEDs, High, Low Power Lasers, red, and violet wavelengths 
• Explain how lasers work to accomplish photobiomodulation
• Identify the quantum physics of how light affects every living organism
• Illustrate the importance of awareness of laser wavelength and power to insure benefits outweigh risks
• Apply the concept of frequencies to affect healing.
• Assess owner and animal compliance to a diagnostic and treatment plan
• Recognize the importance of communication and case selection for optimum treatment success
• Prescribe DVM directed protocols for staff implementation
• Examine the science supporting benefits of the violet wavelength in antibiotic resistant wounds, including MRSA
• Show alternative option to antibiotics for treating resistant infections
• Integrate violet/red laser into existing treatment protocols
• Point out tissue regenerative capabilities of red laser, as well as bactericidal/sporocidal benefits of violet laser
• Transform surgical outcomes and challenging cases with addition of violet/red laser.
• Distinguish cases that can benefit from LLLT activation
• Show studies in support of Vagal stimulation by energy sources that decrease inflammation and forward healing
• Prescribe a treatment plan for appropriate cases
• Utilize techniques for Fear Free compliance
• Aid cases of anorexia, megacolon, gastric stasis, anxiety, and hypertension.

• Assess the history of traditional acupuncture and its application to veterinary medicine
• Describe the anatomy of acupoints
• Relate the classification of acupoints to organ systems
• Explain the neurophysiological basis of acupuncture
• Analyze the current research on acupuncture as it relates to veterinary practice
• Outline the Eastern concepts of acupuncture
• Describe the traditional Eastern approached to diagnosis and treatment
• Use the methods of classification by The Five Elements, The Eight Conditions and Zang – fu theory to develop a treatment formula
• Recognize the various techniques of acupuncture and the types of instrumentation employed
• Summarize the principles of Point Selection

• Identify the canine acupuncture points
• Correlate the canine acupuncture points to the associated cutaneous nerve
• Differentiate disease causations in dogs based on Western and traditional Chinese medicine approaches
• Describe the components of the canine examination in traditional Chinese medicine
• Explain the diagnosis and treatment of specific canine musculoskeletal disorders using traditional Chinese medicine
• Outline the use of acupuncture for canine neurological disorders
• Describe the implementation of acupuncture for the treatment of thoracolumbar and cervical disk disease in small mammals
• Explain trigger point treatment in dogs
• Summarize the efficacy of acupuncture and traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of chronic respiratory disease, cardiovascular disorders and heart disease in small animals
• Outline the approaches used in traditional Chinese medicine to critical care situations in dogs

• Compare and contrast the study and treatment of gastrointestinal, reproductive, immunological and dermatological disorders from Western medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine perspectives
• Explain the theory and evidence for the effects of acupuncture on gastrointestinal, reproductive, immunological and dermatological function
• Identify the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal, reproductive, immunological and dermatological disorders according to the patterns of the Eight Principles, vital substances, Zang-fu organs, pathogenic factors, channels and the four level theory on heat-induced disease
• Describe the recommended acupuncture treatment for gastrointestinal, reproductive, immunological and dermatological disorders
• Assess the evidence for the the use of acupuncture in surgical and postoperative analgesia
• Identify the acupuncture points used to induce analgesia in specific anatomical locations
• Explain the technique of gold bead implantation
• Summarize the differences and similarities in applying acupuncture to avian and mammalian patients
• Outline the use of Traditional Chinese Medicine herbal remedies in treating the avian patient
• Describe the theory and principles of auricular therapy in animals

• Explain the similarities and difference in the traditional versus the transpositional approach to equine acupuncture
• Compare and contrast the location and function of the traditional Chinese back Shu points with the transpositioanl Shu points
• Identify the location and function of the traditional Chinese acupuncture points in horses
• Define the traditional Chinese medicine approaches of the Eight Principles, the Zang-fu Organs and the Five Elements
• Identify the location and function of the transpositional acupuncture points in horses
• Contrast the principles of diagnosis from a Western and traditional Chinese medicine perspective
• Outline the components of the traditional Chinese acupuncture examination
• Integrate the various approaches in traditional Chinese medicine and Japanese acupuncture in the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal and neurological disorders and chronic back pain in horses
• Describe the etiology and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders of horses within the traditional Chinese medicine paradigm
• Develop traditional Chinese medicine treatment formulas for general conditions in the horse using the Eight Principles
• Explain the theory of Ting point therapy and Thoresen coronary band therapy
• Describe the methods of palpation for and the treatment of Ting points and Thoresen coronary band therapy points
• Diagnose conditions using the Eight Principles based on inspection, hearing and smelling, inquiry and palpation
• Critique the Whole-Horse approach to acupuncture in performance horses
• Explain proper saddle fitting and how improper fitting can result in low back pain
• Describe the application of traditional Chinese medicine to equine sports medicine
• List the muscles of the horse, their associated meridians and their Zang-fu organ relationships
• Outline the basic principles of force, motion and material strength in biological tissues and apply them to the biomechanics of the horse
• Summarize the application of traditional Chinese acupuncture to cattle
• Identify the acupuncture points in the pig